初中英语语法知识讲座

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动词-ing形式分为："动名词"和"现在分词"两种形式。它是由动词原形加上-ing构成的，它和不定式一样也是非谓语动词的一种。
一、动名词
1. 形式：动名词有四种形式，即主动一般式，被动一般式，主动完成式，被动完成式。
2. 用法  
(1)作主语 Smoking is harmful to health. 吸烟对健康有害。 Collecting shells is one of his hobbies. 收集贝壳是他的爱好之一。  
(2)作宾语 We enjoy swimming very much. 我们很喜欢游泳。 Do you like drinking some water? 你想喝点水吗？  
(3) 作定语 They want to organize a stamp collecting club. 他们想组织一个集邮俱乐部。
二、现在分词
1. 形式：及物动词的现在分词有四种形式，即主动语态的一般式和完成式，被动语态的一般式和完成式。不及物动词只有前两种形式，它没有被动语态。
2. 用法
(1)作定语 The pot is full of boiling water. 壶里装满了沸腾的水。 Do you know the boy lying under the big tree? 你认识躺在大树底下的那个男孩吗？ 现在分词作定语时，表示所修饰人或物的动作；而动名词作定语时，则表示这个东西是具有某种用途的。 现在分词 动名词 waiting car 等待着的汽车 waiting room 候车室 working people 劳动人民 working method 工作方法 sleeping child 睡着的小孩 sleeping car卧车  
(2)作宾语补足语 We found the story very interesting. 我们觉得这个故事很有趣。 I heard somebody breaking the windows. 我听到有人打破了窗户。  
(3)作表语 The news is very exciting. 这条消息很激动人心。 The story is very moving. 这个故事很感人。  
(4)作状语 They came home smiling and singing.他们笑着、唱着回了家。 Being ill, she had to stay at home.因为病了，她只好呆在家里

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6. 短语动词
动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词.例如:
Turn off the radio. 把收音机关上.(turn off是短语动词)
短语动词的构成基本有下列几种:
1)动词+副词,如:black out;
2)动词+介词,如:look into;
3)动词+副词+介词,如:look forward to.构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词

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3.助动词do 的用法
1)构成一般疑问句.例如:
Do you want to pass the CET 你想通过大学英语测试吗
Did you study German 你们学过德语吗
2)do + not 构成否定句.例如:
I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评.
He doesn't like to study. 他不想学习.
In the past, many students did not know the importance of English.
过去,好多学生不知道英语的重要性.
3) 构成否定祈使句.例如:
Don't go there. 不要去那里.
Don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉.
说明: 构成否定祈使句只用do,不用did和does.
4)放在动词原形前,加强该动词的语气.例如:
Do come to my birthday party. 一定来参加我的生日宴会.
I did go there. 我确实去那儿了.
I do miss you. 我确实想你.
5)用于倒装句.例如:
Never did I hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情.
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 进了大学以后,我们才认识到英语的重要性.
说明: 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等.
6)用作代动词.例如:
---- Do you like Beijing --你喜欢北京吗
---- Yes, I do. --是的,喜欢.(do用作代动词,代替like Beijing.)
He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he 他知道如何开车,对吧
4. 助动词shall和will的用法
shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时.例如:
I shall study harder at English. 我将更加努力地学习英语.
He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海.
说明:在过去的语法中,语法学家说shall用于第一人称,will 只用于第二,第三人称.现在,尤其是在口语中,will常用于第一人称,但shall只用于第一人称,如用于第二,第三人称,就失去助动词的意义,已变为情态动词,试比较:
He shall come. 他必须来.(shall有命令的意味.)
He will come. 他要来.(will只与动词原形构成一般将来时.)
5.助动词should, would的用法
1)should无词义,只是shall的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,只用于第一人称.例如:
I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 我昨天给他打电话,问他我下周干什么.
比较:"What shall I do next week " I asked. "我下周干什么 "我问道.
可以说,shall变成间接引语时,变成了should.
2) would也无词义,是will的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,用于第二,第三人称.例如:
He said he would come. 他说他要来.
比较:"I will go," he said. 他说:"我要去那儿."变成间接引语,就成了He said he would come.原来的will变成would,go变成了come..

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第4章 助动词
一.概念:
助动词是帮助主要动词构成各种时态,语态,语气以及否定或疑问结构的动词.助动词分为时态助动词和结构助动词两种.
二.相关知识点精讲:
1. 助动词be的用法
1) be +现在分词,构成进行时态.例如:
They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会.
English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要.
2) be + 过去分词,构成被动语态.例如:
The window was broken by Tom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的.
English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语.
3) be + 动词不定式,可表示下列内容:
a. 表示最近,未来的计划或安排.例如:
He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去纽约.
We are to teach the freshmen. 我们要教新生.
说明: 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法.
b. 表示命令.例如:
You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释.
He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室.
c. 征求意见.例如:
How am I to answer him 我该怎样答复他
Who is to go there 谁该去那儿呢
d. 表示相约,商定.例如:
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合.
2. 助动词have的用法
1)have +过去分词,构成完成时态.例如:
He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦.
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work. 上月未为止,他们已经完成工作的一半.
2)have + been +现在分词,构成完成进行时.例如:
I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在学英语,已达十年之久.
3)have +been +过去分词,构成完成式被动语态.例如:
English has been taught in China for many years. 中国教英语已经多年.

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5. 主动形式表示被动意义
1)wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等.例如:
The book sells well. 这本书销路好.
This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用.
2)blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent, build等.例如:
I was to blame for the accident. 事故发生了,我该受指责.
Much work remains. 还有许多活要干.
3) 在need, require, want, worth (形容词), deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式.例如:
The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. 门该修了.
This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读.
4)特殊结构:make sb. heard / understood (使别人能听见/理解自己)等.例如:
Explain it clearly and make yourself understood. 解释清楚些,让别人理解你的话.
6. 被动形式表示主动意义,如 be determined, be pleased, be graduated (from), be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get married等.例如:
He is graduated from a famous university. 他毕业于一所有名的大学.
注意:表示同某人结婚,用marry sb. 或get married to sb.均可.例如:
He married a rich girl. 他与一个富妞结婚了.
He got married to a rich girl.
7.need/want/require/worth
当 need, want, require, be worth后面接doing时,表示的是被动意义.例如:
Your hair wants cutting. 你的头发该理了.
The floor requires washing. 地板需要冲洗.

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第三章 动词的语态
一.概念:
动词的语态是动词的一种形式,表示主语和谓语之间语法或语义的关系.英语的语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态.主动语态用于主动句,表示主语是动作的执行者.被动语态用于被动句,表示主语是动作的承受者.主动语态的构成方式与动词时态相同,而被动语态由 助动词be+过去分词 构成,有人称,数,时态的变化.
相关知识点精讲
1. let 的用法
1)当let后只有一个单音节动词,变被动语态时,可用不带to 的不定式.例如:
They let the strange go.他们放陌生人走了.
---> The strange was let go.
2)当let 后宾补较长时,let 通常不用被动语态,而用allow或permit 代替.例如:
The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital. 那护士让我去探望住院的同学.
----> I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.
2.短语动词的被动语态
短语动词是一个整体,不可丢掉后面的介词或副词.例如:
My sister will be taken care of by Grandma. 我妹妹由奶奶照顾.
Such a thing has never been heard of before. 这样的事闻所未闻.
3. 表示"据说"或"相信" 的词组,基本上由believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand等组成.例如:
It is said that… 据说
It is reported that… 据报道
It is believed that… 大家相信
It is hoped that… 大家希望
It is well known that… 众所周知
It is thought that… 大家认为
It is suggested that… 据建议
It is taken granted that… 被视为当然
It has been decided that… 大家决定
It must be remember that… 务必记住的是
4. 不用被动语态的情况
1) 不及物动词或不及物动词短语,如appear, die disappear, end(vi. 结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place等没有无被动语态.例如:
After the fire, very little remained of my house. 大火过后,我家烧得所剩无几.
比较:rise, fall, happen是不及物动词;raise, seat是及物动词.
要想正确地使用被动语态,就须注意哪些动词是及物的,哪些是不及物的.特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法.解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累.
2) 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语,如fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等.例如:
This key just fits the lock. 这把钥匙只配这把锁.
Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 你说的与我们听说的一致.
3) 系动词无被动语态,如appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等.例如:It sounds good. 听上去不错.
4) 带同源宾语的及物动词如die/death, dream/dream, live/life等,以及反身代词,相互代词,不能用于被动语态.例如:
She dreamed a bad dream last night. 她昨晚做了个恶梦.
5) 当宾语是不定式时,很少用于被动语态.例如:
(对) She likes to swim.
(错) To swim is liked by her.

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13. 过去进行时
1)概念:表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作.
2)过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景;一个长动作延续的时候,另一个短动作发生.
3) 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等.例如:
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来,受了伤.
It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时,正下着雨.
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到达山顶时,阳光灿烂.
14. 将来进行时
1) 概念:表示将来某时进行的状态或动作,或按预测将来会发生的事情.例如:
She'll be coming soon. 她会很快来的.
I'll be meeting him sometime in the future. 将来我一定去见他.
注意:将来进行时不用于表示"意志",不能说 I'll be having a talk with her.
2)常用的时间状语有soon, tomorrow, this evening,on Sunday, by this time,tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等.例如:By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach. 明天此时,我正躺在海滩上呢.
15. 一般现在时代替一般将来时
When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately等引导的时间状语从句,条件句中,用一般现在时代替将来时.例如:
He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京,就去看他姨妈.
16. 一般现在时代替一般过去时
1 ) "书上说","报纸上说"等.例如:
The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow. 报纸上说明天会很冷的.
2) 叙述往事,使其生动.例如:
Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins.拿破仑的军队正在向前挺进,大战开始了
17. 一般现在时代替现在完成时
1) 有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时,如hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember等.例如:
I hear (= have heard) he will go to London. 我听说了他将去伦敦.
I forget (=have forgotten) how old he is. 我忘了他多大了.
2) 用句型 " It is … since…"代替"It has been … since …".例如:
It is (= has been) five years since we last met. 从我们上次见面以来,五年过去了.
18. 一般现在时代替现在进行时.
在Here comes…/There goes…等句型里,用一般现在时代替现在进行时.例如:
There goes the bell. 铃响了.
19. 现在进行时代替将来时
1) 表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动.例如:
Are you staying with us this weekend 和我们一起度周末好吗
We are leaving soon. 我们马上就走.
2) 渐变动词,如get, run, grow, become, begin以及瞬间动词die等.例如:
He is dying. 他要死了.
20.时态一致
1) 如果从句所叙述的为真理或相对不变的事实,则用现在时.例如:
At that time, people did not know that the earth moves. 那时,人们不知道地球是动的.
He told me last week that he is eighteen. 上星期他告诉我他十八岁了.
2) 宾语从句中的,助动词ought, need, must, dare 的时态是不变的.例如:
He thought that I need not tell you the truth. 他认为我不必告诉你真相.